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Article History

Received: 16 January 2026

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 9 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study strictly adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Academic Ethics Committee of Capital University of Physical Education and Sports (Approval No. 2025A0153). Prior to data collection, informed consent forms were distributed to all participants, detailing the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, as well as the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All data were collected and processed anonymously to ensure participant privacy and confidentiality. This manuscript does not contain any images or information that could lead to the identification of individual participants. The data were used solely for academic research purposes. Participants did not receive any monetary or material compensation for their involvement in the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.