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Article History

Received: 28 January 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for the present study was secured from the Health Research Ethics Committee of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH) (NHREC/30/012/2019), Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH) (NREC/10/2015), and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) (NHREC/28/01/2020/AKTH/2846). Informed consent, both verbal and written, was acquired from every participant involved in the study. The nature and objectives of the study were explained to each participant, and assurance of confidentiality and anonymity was given with an option to opt out at any time, and written consent for participation in the study by way of signing the consent form was obtained. Participants were made to understand that participation in the study was completely voluntary ab initio, and individuals who did not consent to participate in the study were exempted. The research was also conducted per the Helsinki Ethical Principles for Medical Research involving human participants and the local guidelines as outlined in the ethical approval guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.