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Authors
Li, Guobo
Lin, Yingying
Wu, Zhiwei
Guo, Jingmin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Joint Funds for the Innovation of Science and Technology, Fujian Province (2024Y9562)
Scientific and Technological Innovation Startup Fund, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (YCXB 23-01)
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2025
Accepted: 6 March 2026
First Online: 24 March 2026
Declarations
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: The NCHS Ethics Review Board safeguards the rights and welfare of NHANES participants, and the NHANES protocol adheres to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Policy for the Protection of Human Research Subjects (NCHS IRB/ERC Protocol No.: 1999–2023). Ethical review and approval were waived for this study as it solely used publicly available data for research and publication.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
