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Article History

Received: 17 March 2025

Accepted: 10 March 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) is conducted with approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). This study utilized deidentified, publicly available KNHANES data, which contains no identifiable private information. Therefore, it was not considered human subject research and was exempted from IRB review by Seoul National University (SNU 24-09-077) prior to study initiation. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.