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Authors
Knudson, Sophia
Chi, Dung Tham
Thanh, Hoang Thien
Nguyen, Huong
Pham, Trung
Hung, Do Thai
Fleming, Jessica A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
World Health Organization
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 14 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study received ethical exemption in the United States from the WIRB-Copernicus Group Institutional Review Board (WCG IRB Work order# 1-1802837-1, dated September 12, 2024) and approval in Viet Nam from the Pasteur Institute Nha Trang Ethics Committee (Protocol #: 2024-06/GCN-HDDD, dated October 8, 2024). In Viet Nam, data extraction from ANC registers was authorized by the Phu Yen Provincial People’s Committee Department of Health (Approval No. 2651/SYT-NVY, dated September 23, 2024) and the Khanh Hoa Provincial People’s Committee Department of Health (Approval No. 4110/SYT-NVYD, dated September 20, 2024). This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
