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Article History

Received: 1 December 2025

Accepted: 11 March 2026

First Online: 18 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human participants [ ]. AHLS study was first reviewed and received an ethical approval statement in 1986 at the University of Helsinki, Department of Public Health. Subsequent ethics committee reviews were conducted in 2006 by Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University in 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019. Ethical committee reviewed and approved SHP study at Tampere University Hospital in 1998, and in 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022, and 2024 at Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare.Adolescents give informed consent by answeringthe survey. This was explained on the cover page of the questionnaire in bothsurveys. The cover page declared, too, that answering was voluntary and noconsequences followed from non-response. Separate consent was not required fromparents, which is in line with the present national guidelines on ethicalreview in human sciences by the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity [ ].Beginning in 2017, SHP study followed the national guidelines; the parent orcarer was informed of the survey in advance, and the parent or carer couldrefuse their child’s participation in the research if they desired.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.