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Authors
Ghosh-Jerath, Suparna
Kapoor, Ridhima
Srivastava, Roomani
Jadhav, Kshitij
Ghosh, Arpita
Nair, Swati C.
Singh, Archna
Shankar, Manoharan
Downs, Shauna
DeFries, Ruth
Ghosh, Upasona
Barua, Sukanya
Mohan, Balasubramanian
Singh, Geetanjali
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance (IA/TSG/21/1/600230)
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Article History
Received: 7 November 2025
Accepted: 11 March 2026
First Online: 29 April 2026
Declarations
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: Protocol of the larger study was submitted to and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee at The George Institute for Global Health, India (ref no. 20/2022), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (ref no. IEC-16/03.02.2023, RP-24/2023), Indian Institute of Public Health-Bhubaneshwar, Public Health Foundation of India (ref no. IIPHB/IEC/2024/01) and Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur (ref no. IEC/IITJ/2024–25/01). Administrative approvals from all three cohort sites (Mandla district in Madhya Pradesh, West Garo Hills in Meghalaya, and Surguja district in Chhattisgarh) have been received. Written consents at the cluster level as well as at individual level will be taken by the field investigators. In case the study participant is illiterate, verbal witnessed consent will be taken.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
