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Authors
Zhang, Zhengqiu
Liu, Ziyin
Ye, Feng
Mo, Dili
Shi, Yayun
Tao, Pengcheng
Xie, Chencong
Chen, Liting
Li, Yangyang
Gu, Qinwen
Tu, Qiang
Liu, Jingxin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Social Science Fund of China (22CTY015)
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Article History
Received: 31 December 2025
Accepted: 16 March 2026
First Online: 20 March 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for all three cohorts was obtained from relevant institutional review boards: CHARLS (approved by the Peking University IRB00001052–11015), ELSA (approved by the National Research Ethics Service Committee South Central-Berkshire), and HRS (approved by the University of Michigan Institutional Review Board). All participants provided written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
