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Authors
Afandi, Muhammad Anif
Siregar, Adiatma Yudistira Manogar
Setiawan, Maman
Effendi, Nury
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Padjadjaran
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Article History
Received: 29 November 2025
Accepted: 17 March 2026
First Online: 20 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study used secondary, fully anonymized microdata from the March 2023 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), collected and released by Statistics Indonesia (BPS). Because the research involved no direct interaction with human participants and contained no identifiable personal information, formal ethical approval was not required. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki issued by the World Medical Association (latest revision, 2024), and complied with national regulations on statistical confidentiality under the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 16 of 1997 on Statistics. Access to the data was obtained legally through the Statistics Indonesia data portal upon submitting a formal request at the SILASTIK platform ( ).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
