Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Shu, Zhaoping
Bai, Zefeng
Shang, Xiaodong
Zhang, Hengwei
Wang, Pengcheng
Fu, Qiang
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (22C0214)
the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2023JJ40582)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 18 September 2024
Accepted: 17 March 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Declarations
:
: This study used secondary data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a publicly available, de-identified dataset. The PSID is conducted by the Survey Research Center at the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, and its data collection protocol was approved by the University of Michigan Institutional Review Board. All PSID participants provided informed consent at the time of data collection. As the present analysis exclusively used de-identified, publicly available secondary data with no protected health information (PHI), it is exempt from additional ethical approval in accordance with 45 CFR 46.104(d)(4). This research was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
