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Authors
Munyambaraga, Israel Cyubahiro https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4144-9475
Niyonshuti, Placide Shema
Benimana, Jean Luc
Mugemangango, Pascal
Nyirambyeyi, Agathe
Habtu, Michael
Dushimimana, Pasteur
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Article History
Received: 11 November 2025
Accepted: 17 March 2026
First Online: 23 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was based on secondary analysis of anonymized data from the 2021–2022 Rwanda STEPS Survey, which was conducted by the Rwanda Biomedical Center (RBC) in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO). Ethical approval for the primary survey was granted by the Rwanda National Ethics Committee. Permission to access and use the de-identified dataset for this analysis was obtained from the Rwanda Biomedical Center. Additional ethical clearance for secondary analysis was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (Reference No. CMHS/IRB/401/2025). As the study utilized publicly available, de-identified data, the requirement for informed consent was waived. All procedures were carried out in accordance with relevant institutional guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
