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Authors
Zhao, Haitang
Bai, Ge
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Social Science Fund of Chengdu University of Technology (YJ2024-QN016)
the National Social Science Fund of China (24CSH115)
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2025
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Declarations
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: The data used in this study were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Ethics approval for the study was granted by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
