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Authors
Yang, Yi
Guo, Zhenxiang
Li, Dong
Wu, Bin
Xu, Changnan
Cai, Mengbiao
Wang, Zhiming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research and Practice of Strength and Conditioning Training Teaching Reform Based on the Cultivation of Professional Core Competencies; Nanjing Institute of Physical Education Teaching Reform Project (JG202108)
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Article History
Received: 1 August 2025
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 9 April 2026
Declarations
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: The original NHANES studies involving humans were approved by the NHANES Institutional Review Board (NCHS Ethics Review Board) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and local legislation and institutional requirements. Participants provided written informed consent to participate in the original NHANES surveys. For this secondary analysis using publicly available and de-identified NHANES data, additional ethical approval or IRB exemption was not required, as the data are secondary and publicly accessible.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
