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Authors
Cai, Yan
Zhu, Wei
Wu, Chenshu
Jiang, Yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC3605900)
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Article History
Received: 19 January 2026
Accepted: 24 March 2026
First Online: 29 March 2026
Declarations
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: The current study utilized publicly available anonymized datasets, and ethical approval was not required for the use of deidentified data. The research adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and complied with the data usage agreements of CHARLS. All surveys were approved by Institutional Review Boards, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
