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Authors
Bi, Ranran
Zhu, Jie
Jia, Jie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82272606)
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Article History
Received: 24 December 2025
Accepted: 26 March 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Declarations
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: The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Michigan. The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University. All participants provided written informed consent at the time of their original recruitment. This study is a secondary analysis of de-identified public data and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable. (All data used are de-identified and obtained from public repositories).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
