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Authors
Tu, Dingyuan
Li, Jinru
Wang, Jianming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shenyang Joint Logistics Support Force Young Elite Cultivation Program (2025SL0012)
Liaoning Province Union Program - Application Fundamental Research Project (2023JH2/101700138)
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Article History
Received: 17 February 2026
Accepted: 26 March 2026
First Online: 6 April 2026
Declarations
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: The CHARLS was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). The ELSA was approved by the National Research Ethics Service (London Multicentre Research Ethics Committee, MREC/01/2/91, with subsequent approvals for each wave). All participants provided written informed consent at enrolment. The present study involved secondary analysis of deidentified data from these cohorts. No new data were collected, and no additional ethics approval was required. In compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, this research was conducted.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
