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Authors
Cui, Junjie
Zhang, Qiucheng
Lv, Xianjun
Zhao, Liubing
Xu, Wei
Wang, Liang
Pei, Shuai
Zhang, Wei
Zhuang, Mengting
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Article History
Received: 6 January 2026
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 21 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11014). All participants provided written informed consent. The analysis of de-identified, publicly available CHARLS data for this secondary study was exempt from additional ethical review.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
