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Article History

Received: 27 December 2025

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 6 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Public Health of Shandong University (Approval No.: LL20220906). All participants provided informed consent and voluntarily participated in the survey. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research Involving Humans, Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans, Measures for the Ethical Review of Science and Technology (Trial), Regulations on the Administration of Human Genetic Resources, Regulations on the Administration of Laboratory Animals, Guidelines for the Ethical Review of Welfare of Laboratory Animals (GBT 35892-2018), Guiding Opinions on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals, Guidelines for Euthanasia of Laboratory Animals (T-CALAS 31-2017), Good Clinical Practice (GCP), as well as internationally and domestically recognized ethical norms for life science, medical research involving humans, and animal experiments.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any identifiable images or personal or clinical details of participants that would compromise anonymity.

: The authors declare no competing interests.