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Authors
Wittesaele, Camille
Mangqalaza, Hlokoma
Toska, Elona
Cluver, Lucie
Weiss, Helen A.
Doyle, Aoife M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Horowitz Foundation for Social Policy
European Research Council (771468)
European Research Council (771468)
European Research Council (771468)
UNICEF
UK Research and Innovation (ES/S008101/1)
UK Research and Innovation (ES/S008101/1)
UK Research and Innovation (ES/S008101/1)
UK Medical Research Council and the UK Department for International Development (MR/R022372/1)
UK Medical Research Council and the UK Department for International Development (MR/R022372/1)
International AIDS Society (2018/625-TOS)
Research England (0005218)
Research England (0005218)
Nuffield Foundation (CPF/41513)
Fogarty International Center (K43TW011434)
National Research Foundation (136531)
UCL's HelpAge funding
Oak Foundation (OFIL-20-057)
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Article History
Received: 18 April 2024
Accepted: 3 April 2026
First Online: 28 May 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approvals for this study were obtained from the Universities of Oxford and Cape Town and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Research Ethics Committee (R48876/RE003; HREC226/2017; 26703/RR/28131). In line with ethical and legal requirements for research among children in South Africa, full informed consent is obtained from an adult primary caregiver for each child and where adolescent parents are aged under 18, additionally from their primary caregiver. The informed consent and assent process are administered by trained research staff with extensive experience working with vulnerable populations.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
