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Authors
Yoshida, Tsukasa
Hikita, Erika
Watanabe, Daiki
Nakagata, Takashi
Yamada, Yosuke
Sawada, Naomi
Okabayashi, Megumi
Shimada, Hidekazu
Nishi, Nobuo
Miyachi, Motohiko
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Osaka Health Disparity Solution Program
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Article History
Received: 18 July 2024
Accepted: 3 April 2026
First Online: 23 April 2026
Declarations
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: The survey plan was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition. The face-to-face survey was approved (Approval No. I-ki-ken-hatsu 781-1) and registered with the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000036880). All participants provided written informed consent. Although we submitted an application for the mail survey to the committee (application No. Ken-ei 89), it was not reviewed by the committee because only city workers could access personal information and it was an anonymous mailing survey. The committee considered the mail survey to be a general survey. Article #33 of Japan Statistics Act permits use of general survey data for academic research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
