Xia, Chao
Yu, Jin
Xu, Jin-song
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82360094)
Article History
Received: 14 January 2026
Accepted: 3 April 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Declarations
:
: All methods were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations or the Declaration of Helsinki. The survey was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University, and all available data can be accessed online via the CHARLS project website ( ). The ethical approval number is IRB00001052-11015. All participants signed written informed consent forms.
: The authors declare no competing interests.