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Article History

Received: 16 January 2026

Accepted: 6 April 2026

First Online: 27 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the University of Liverpool Health and Life Sciences Research Ethics Committee (Psychology, Health and Society) (Reference: 7805, 15 June 2020). All participants were fully informed about what the study involved and gave written or verbal consent for their participation and use of their data. This research adhered to and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki, receiving peer-reviewed ethical approval to take place, being aware of and respecting participants and their welfare and wellbeing, with all studies within the COVID-LIV study maintaining rigour and transparency and being submitted to peer reviewed academic journals.

: Consent for publication was not necessary beyond the initial consent forms completed by all participants, as no identifiable images or data were presented which could compromise the anonymity of participants or participant groups.

: This research was funded by COVID-LIV, and is part of the wider Liverpool household COVID-19 cohort study (COVID-LIV) area B. Authors KH, AR, KA, JCW, NJ, PL, MG are/were supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) for Applied Research Collaboration North West Coast (ARC NWC). The views expressed here are those of the authors and not necessarily the National Institute for Health and Social Care Research nor the Department for Health and Social Care.