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Authors
Akther, Sharmin https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6664-5932
Tonni, Mariam https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6766-4378
Ahmed, Shajid https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2514-7390
Al-Mamun, Md. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8131-5762
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Article History
Received: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 9 April 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Declarations
: This manuscript is an original work and has not been published previously, nor is it under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part, in any language.
: This study is based on secondary data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS 2022). The BDHS surveys obtain ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of ICF International, Rockville, USA, and the National Research Ethics Committee of the Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. As this study used publicly available, de-identified data, no additional ethical approval was required . Not applicable. The BDHS 2022 obtained informed consent from all survey participants during primary data collection.
: Not applicable. This study is based on secondary anonymized data, and no identifying information of participants is included.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
