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Article History

Received: 26 January 2026

Accepted: 13 April 2026

First Online: 21 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was carried out in accordance with national legislation and institutional ethical standards, including the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were informed about the aims of the study as well as procedures for data management and confidentiality. Informed consent was obtained: both parents and students received information about the purpose of the study, possible risks and benefits, and that participation was voluntary. Parents who did not want their children to participate were asked to inform the school. Students received oral and written information about the purpose of the HBSC study, their right not to complete the questionnaire or specific questions, and that their responses would be treated confidentially. By completing the questionnaire, students provided their assent to participate. The Public Health Agency of Sweden and Statistics Sweden (SCB) operate in compliance with the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The data collection is carried out in the public’s interest (article 6.1 e) and for statistical purposes (article 9.2 j). For the present study, access to HBSC variables was granted through a formal data request to the Public Health Agency of Sweden.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.