Document is current

Article History

Received: 18 November 2025

Accepted: 15 April 2026

First Online: 22 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study utilizes secondary data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Both studies obtained ethical approval from their respective institutional review boards and secured informed consent from all participants prior to data collection. The HRS is approved by the University of Michigan Health Sciences and Behavioral Sciences Institutional Review Board (IRB). The CHARLS is approved by the Ethical Review Committee (IRB) at Peking University. The analyses presented in this paper were conducted on de-identified, publicly available datasets. Therefore, no additional ethics approval was required for this specific analysis. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations governing the use of these datasets.

: All authors have read and approved the final version of this manuscript. We consent to its publication in International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity and affirm that the work has not been published previously nor is under consideration elsewhere.

: The authors declare no competing interests.