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Authors
Bowden, Nicholas
McLeod, Keith
Anns, Francesca
Catchpole, Leanne
Charlton, Fiona
Taylor, Barry
Vallings, Rosamund
Vu, Hien
Tate, Warren
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Associated New Zealand Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Society Incorporated
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Article History
Received: 29 April 2025
Accepted: 17 April 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved as minimal risk by the University of Otago Human Research Ethics Committee (Reference: HD23/095) under the National Ethical Standards set out in the National Ethics Advisory Committee ( NEAC ), ‘Ethical Standards for Health and Disability Research and Quality Improvement’. Access to the IDI was granted by Stats NZ (Reference: MAA2016-59). Informed consent is deemed not necessary for the use of deidentified population data in this research under national legislation. Specifically, the New Zealand Data and Statistics Act (2022) Part 5 and the Privacy Act (2020) Principle 11 which allows for information to be used without individual consent for scientific and research purposes if it is de-identified and cannot be used to identify individuals. A waiver of informed consent was granted by the University of Otago Human Research Ethics Committee (Reference: HD23/095).
: Not applicable.
: Fiona Charlton is the volunteer President of the Associated New Zealand Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Society. Keith McLeod, Leanne Catchpole, Fiona Charlton, and Warren Tate all have personal connections to ME/CFS. All other authors declare that they have no other known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
