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Authors
Zhao, Guiping https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4806-2558
Zhang, Ketao
Li, Xiaotian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2682-0958
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Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 17 April 2026
First Online: 30 April 2026
Declarations
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: The original data collection for the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (Approval No. IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided written informed consent at the time of enrollment. As this study utilises secondary, de-identified data that is publicly available, separate ethical approval was not required for the current analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
