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Authors
Concha, Natalia
Bryant, Maria
Dezateux, Carol
Scammell, Katy
Brownell, Rab
O’Donoghue, Mathilda
Singh, Pratima
Hawking, Meredith K.D.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UK Prevention Research Partnership (MR/S037527/1)
UK Prevention Research Partnership (MR/S037527/1)
UK Prevention Research Partnership (MR/S037527/1)
UK Prevention Research Partnership (MR/S037527/1)
UK Prevention Research Partnership (MR/S037527/1)
UK Prevention Research Partnership (MR/S037527/1)
Barts Charity for REAL Child Health (MGU0419)
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Article History
Received: 21 November 2024
Accepted: 17 April 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study was reviewed and received ethical approval, detailing all procedures involving research participants, by the Joint Research Management Office (JRMO) Research Ethics Panel at Queen Mary University of London (reference QMERC22.349). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. For child participants, assent was obtained alongside informed consent from their parents or legal guardians.
: All authors have approved and agreed the manuscript for submission to BMC Public Health . The corresponding author has read the journal policies and submits this manuscript in accordance with those policies. All authors confirm that the results/data/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere, nor are they under consideration from the corresponding author or contributing authors by another publisher.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
