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Authors
Xiang, Ronghui
Wu, Jiaqi
Zhang, Yunan
Wen, Gongwei
Zhao, Haiyan
Zhang, Xuan
Zheng, Ziyang
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Article History
Received: 31 January 2026
Accepted: 20 April 2026
First Online: 8 May 2026
Declarations
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: The studies involving human participants were approved by the Ethics Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics in NHANES (Protocol #98 − 12, #2005-06, #2011-17 and #2018-01) and Institutional Review Board of Peking University in CHARLS (IRB00001052-11015). They were conducted in accordance with local regulations and institutional guidelines. All participants provided their written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
