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Authors
Nsawotebba, Andrew
Nakintu, Valeria
Morunyanga, Innocent
Kabazzi, Jonathan
Magala, Jordan
Mutyaba, Samuel Jefferson
Hull, Noah C.
Mabasa, Victor Vusi
Akejo, Denis Smith
Cham, Fatim
Nabadda, Susan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (C19RM)
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Accepted: 20 April 2026
First Online: 7 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study involved wastewater sampling, which does not require informed consent because it does not involve human subjects. Relevant institutional and governmental stakeholders adhered to approved protocols throughout the study. Formal authorization was obtained from the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), the agency responsible for Uganda’s water and sanitation infrastructure, which granted access to wastewater treatment facilities and associated site data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
