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Authors
Sun, Lei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3444-3251
Fang, Ping
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Philosophy and Social Sciences Program Fund of Jiangsu Province (25TYD001)
Philosophy and Social Sciences Program Fund of Jiangsu Province (23TYC001)
General Project of Philosophy and Social Science Research in Jiangsu Universities (2025SJYB0237)
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Article History
Received: 10 October 2025
Accepted: 23 April 2026
First Online: 28 April 2026
Declarations
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: The 2013 and 2023 CGSS adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and obtained approval from the ethics committees of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine and Nanjing Normal University, including protocols for securing participant consent. Additionally, the study protocol received authorization from the National Social Science Foundation of China (approval number 05ASH003). As the dataset utilized is publicly accessible and fully anonymized, further Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was deemed unnecessary for this secondary analysis. The provincial-level data employed in this research consist of aggregated regional statistics, for which individual informed consent is not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
