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Article History

Received: 19 February 2026

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 29 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee (ERC) of the Jigjiga University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Veterinary Public Health, Jigjiga, Ethiopia (reference number: JJU/CVM/MVPH/0119/26). Written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants and from the parents or legal guardians of participants aged < 18 years. Assent was also obtained from participants under 18 years of age, where appropriate. The purpose of the study, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and the voluntary nature of participation were explained to all participants and guardians prior to their enrollment. To maintain confidentiality, individual identifiers were not included in the dataset, and code numbers were used throughout the study. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.