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Article History

Received: 29 September 2025

Accepted: 28 April 2026

First Online: 4 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed by the Korea University Institutional Review Board (Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; IRB No. 2023 − 0193, approved on 19 June 2023) and was determined to be exempt from full review. The requirement for informed consent was deemed unnecessary in accordance with Article 13 of the Enforcement Rule of the Bioethics and Safety Act of the Republic of Korea, which exempts research using publicly available, anonymized secondary data from which individual participants cannot be identified [ ]. Written informed consent had originally been obtained from all survey participants at the time of data collection by the data-producing agency, and all personal identifiers were removed prior to analysis. All procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, as revised in 2000.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.