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Article History

Received: 12 January 2026

Accepted: 28 April 2026

First Online: 7 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University (Protocol No. 094/24/SPH). Additional permissions were granted by the Butajira Demographic Surveillance Site coordinator and the East Gurage Zone Health Department (Ref. No. ቁጥር፡ም/ጉ/ዞ/ጤ/4665/28/6/2017 ዓ.ም). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and involved no invasive or experimental procedures. Oral informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to interviews and personal PM₂.₅ monitoring after a clear explanation of the study objectives, procedures, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw at any time. For participants under 18 years of age, consent was obtained from their legal guardians, and participants were informed of their right to discontinue participation if they experienced any discomfort. Confidentiality was maintained through anonymous identifiers, restricted data access, and research-only data use. Separate written consent was obtained for photography during device use, with all identifying features concealed. Pregnant women were fully informed about the Atmotube Pro device, including potential discomfort, and participation decisions were respected. All participants received counseling on pregnancy danger signs, appropriate response measures, and individual exposure results, and any medical concerns identified were referred to the nearest health facility.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.