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Authors
Xu, Fangping
Wang, Xia
Wang, Jing
Wang, Xiaojiao
Dai, Yaming
Sun, Liping
Tao, Hua
Gu, Chunyi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Nursing Research Foundation of Fudan University (FNF202310)
the Shanghai Nursing Association (2024MS-B01)
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Article History
Received: 13 February 2026
Accepted: 30 April 2026
First Online: 11 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study adhered to the ethical guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Hospital Ethics Committee (Ethics Committee of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University 2023 − 155). All participants provided written informed consent before taking part in the study.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
