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Authors
Afari-Asiedu, Samuel
Monnier, Annelie A.
Do, Nga T. T.
Asante, Kwaku Poku
Khan, Wasif Ali
Matin, Mohammed Abdul
Munguambe, Khátia
Boene, Helena
Sevene, Esperanca
Punpuing, Sureeporn
Sunpuwan, Malee
Anh, Tuyet P.
Tran, Toan K.
Guillén, Georgina Pujol-Busquets
Gómez-Olivé, F Xavier
Wafawanaka, Floidy
Wertheim, Heiman F. L.
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Newton, Paul N.
Caillet, Céline
Ariana, Proochista
Sharmeen, Taniya
Cambaco, Olga
Nguyen, Chuc T. K.
Jarruruengpaisan, Wipaporn
Ngobeni, Sizzy
van Doorn, H. Rogier
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (grant number: 219403/Z/19/Z)
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Article History
Received: 13 October 2025
Accepted: 5 May 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Oxford University Tropical Research Ethics Committee as well as by the local ethics and research committees of each of the 6 participating institutions (see Appendix 3) in accordance with the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after the objectives of the study was explained. Illiterate participants who provided their consent through a thumbprint were endorsed by the signature of literate witnesses who were not members of the study team. In addition to signed informed consent forms that were kept by the research team, prospective participants were given copies of the informed consent forms bearing their signature and the signature of the researchers or a designated persons. Anonymity and confidentiality of identity and information provided by respondents were assured.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
