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Article History

Received: 30 May 2025

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 14 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was a secondary data analysis based on the publicly available DHS data. The IRB-approved procedures for DHS public-use datasets do not in any way allow respondents, households, or sample communities to be identified. There are no names of individuals or household addresses in the data files. Under the MEASURE DHS Program, respondents’ privacy is well secured. The MEASURE DHS Program website ( ) is where we found the dataset.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.