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Authors
Lee, Jihye https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0484-6698
Kim, Chandu https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1061-2406
Yang, Yun‑Jung https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5461-1534
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 11 May 2026
First Online: 18 May 2026
Declarations
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: The KWCS is a government-approved survey of the National Statistics Office (approval no. 380002). It has been held every 3 years since 2006. The data used in this study were obtained from the sixth KWCS, which was conducted between 2020 and 2021 by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute. These data are public, and the personal information of all respondents is de-identified.The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the IRB of Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital (IRB no. IS25IMI0061) because this study used secondary data that do not contain any personally identifiable information. All procedures were followed in accordance with the relevant guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
