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Authors
Shrestha, Rachana Manandhar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9289-8070
Hu, Huan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8558-2895
Inoue, Yosuke https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7690-3447
Yamamoto, Shohei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6503-8577
Fukunaga, Ami https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8705-0056
Kochi, Takeshi
Gommori, Naoki
Miyamoto, Toshiaki
Yamamoto, Makoto
Okazaki, Hiroko
Ide, Hiroshi
Nakagawa, Tohru
Honda, Toru
Yamamoto, Shuichiro
Yamamoto, Kenya
Konishi, Maki https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6118-4513
Kabe, Isamu
Dohi, Seitaro
Mizoue, Tetsuya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1198-2228
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Center for Global Health and Medicine Intramural Research Fund (21A1020)
National Center for Global Health and Medicine Intramural Research Fund (28-Shi-1206, 30-Shi-2003, 19A1006, 22A1008)
Industrial Health Foundation
Industrial Disease Clinical Research Grants (140202-01, 150903-01, and 170301-01)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan (JP25293146, JP25702006, JP16H05251, JP20H03952)
Japan Institute for Health Security Intramural Research Fund (25A1005)
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 14 May 2026
First Online: 1 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Committee of the Japan Institute for Health Security approved the protocol of this study, including the use of an opt-out consent procedure and the waiver of written and verbal informed consent (approval number: JIHS-S-001140). The purpose, procedures, and format of the J-ECOH Study were explained prior to the data collection, using posters placed at each company. Participants were informed that participation was voluntary and that they could refuse or withdraw their participation at any time.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
