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A 40-year decline in permanent-tooth caries among 12-year-olds in Japan in the absence of systemic fluoride-based prevention: public health implications

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27836-w

Published Online: 2026-05-18

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Yamashita, Yoshihisa
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-05-18

Version of Record valid from 2026-07-09
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Article History

Received: 26 January 2026

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 18 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was based exclusively on the analysis of aggregated, publicly available national surveillance data and did not involve individual-level data or human participants. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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