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Authors
Bardoe, Dennis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1869-7761
Hayford, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-7861
Bio, Robert Bagngmen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-5188
Ahiaka, George
Abubakar, Latifatu Alhassan
Nyarko, Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4299-6355
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Article History
Received: 16 February 2026
Accepted: 15 May 2026
First Online: 17 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study and all associated protocols were reviewed and approved by the Committee on Human Research, Publication, and Ethics (CHRPE), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, School of Medical Sciences, under the Declaration of Helsinki (assigned approval number: CHRPE/AP/1081/23). Participants signed or thumbprinted a written consent form after receiving a thorough explanation before participating in the study.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
