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Authors
Toorang, Fatemeh
Sasanfar, Bahareh
Sharafkhah, Maryam
Boffetta, Paolo
Poustchi, Hossein
Etemadi, Arash
Kamangar, Farin
Abnet, Christian C.
Dawsey, Sandy
Malekzadeh, Reza
Hekmatdoost, Azita
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Article History
Received: 2 November 2025
Accepted: 18 May 2026
First Online: 15 June 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol of the Golestan Cohort study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Digestive Diseases Research Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (no I.R. TUMS 82–603), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) from the World Health Organization, the US National Cancer Institute, and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. All procedures adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent after receiving complete information about the study procedures. No identifiable participant data were published.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
