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Article History

Received: 27 January 2026

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 1 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The National Health Test of Poles (NTZP) is a voluntary, anonymous online survey. All participants provided informed electronic consent to participate before completing the questionnaire. This publication is based exclusively on a fully anonymised archival dataset from the 2024 edition of NTZP, which was made available to the authors by the data holder under a data-use agreement. No re-contact with respondents was undertaken and no new data were collected. The study protocol and the use of anonymised NTZP 2024 data for secondary analysis were reviewed by the Bioethics Committee at the Lower Silesian Medical Chamber in Wrocław, which issued a positive opinion and confirmed that, given the fully anonymous and voluntary nature of the survey, no additional formal consent from individual participants was required for the present secondary analysis (Resolution No. 24/BNBO/2025 of 10 September 2025). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.