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Article History

Received: 6 November 2025

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 23 May 2026

Declarations

:

: In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, Peking University examined and authorized the studies involving human subjects in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) (IRB00001052–11015). The patients/ participants provided their written informed consent to participate in CHARLS. Our study used publicly available deidentified data from the CHARLS website ( ) and waived informed consent. The Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) provides free data to scholars, and the tracking survey data has been made available to society and academia for free after deleting personal privacy information. In addition to serving the scientific decision-making and application research of national health aging, it has also been accessed through the Peking University Open Research Data Platform（ http://opendata.pku.edu.cn/ ）The "National Population Macro Management and Decision Information System (PADIS)" and "National Health Security Informatization Project" database platforms implemented by the China Population and Development Research Center are open for free use to academia and society.

: All authors have agreed to publish this paper.

: The authors declare no competing interests.