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Authors
Guled, Abdirashid Muhumed
Nuh, Abdulkadir Mohamed
Mohamed, Mohamed Abdillahi
Muse, Abdisalam Hassan
Ali, Hamse Arab
Abdi, Hamse Adam
Abdiqadir, Mustafa Abdillahi
Osman, Osman Mohamed
yonis, Amani Yusuf
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Article History
Received: 21 January 2026
Accepted: 21 May 2026
First Online: 30 July 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study was based on secondary analysis of the publicly available, anonymized 2020 Somalia Health and Demographic Survey (SHDS) dataset. The original SHDS was implemented by the Ministry of Health of Somalia in collaboration with The DHS Program and received ethical approval from the relevant institutional review boards in Somalia and the ICF Institutional Review Board. Data collection procedures complied with internationally recognized ethical standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki, and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to interviews. As the present analysis used existing, non-identifiable data with no direct participant contact, additional ethical approval or consent was not required. Formal permission to access and use the SHDS dataset was obtained from The DHS Program.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
