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Article History

Received: 20 March 2026

Accepted: 27 May 2026

First Online: 18 June 2026

Declarations

:

: All pregnant women provided written informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. In the case of their offspring, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The study protocol was approved by the following Ethics Committees: the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Universitario La Fe (Valencia, Spain); the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Área Sanitaria de Gipuzkoa (Gipuzkoa, Spain); the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Parc de Salut del Mar (Barcelona, Spain); and the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Principado de Asturias (Spain). The present work was additionally approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Alicante Health Department – Hospital General (Ref.: PI2024-087, June 19, 2024).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.