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Authors
Chafale, Adwait
Morland, Thomas B.
Mills, Deborah
Gabriel, Rossanna
Ruiz, George
Chang, Alexander
deRichemond, Caroline
Kovalick, Michael
Hall, Kathryn
Leitzel, Tracey
Johannes, Bobbie L.
Romagnoli, Katrina
Welch, Maria
Hammer, Mallory
Hess, Allison
Kirchner, H. Lester
Hirsch, Annemarie G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (NU58DP007587)
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Article History
Received: 5 January 2026
Accepted: 29 May 2026
First Online: 8 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was evaluated by the Geisinger Institutional Review Board (GIRB) (FWA # 00000063 IRB# 00008345) through completion of a research determination worksheet submitted electronically for review. GIRB is part of Geisinger Research Institute, one of the core organizational structures of Geisinger Health System. GIRB waived the need for approval on the basis that the study did not meet the definition of human subjects research and indicated that informed consent under the Common Rule was therefore not applicable. Nevertheless, the project was conducted in accordance with the general principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, including prioritizing the well-being of screening event participants and ensuring participation was voluntary.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: Dr. Morland receives research support through Tempus AI, iRhythm, and Grail. His wife is an employee and shareholder of United Therapeutics.
