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Authors
Abdeta, Sington
Diop, Ousmane
Cygu, Steve
Drame, Aboubacry
Momanyi, Reinpeter
Endalamaw Dejene, Belayneh
Tadele, Mulugeta
Sintayehu, Yordanos
Barasa, Miranda
Woldie, Mirkuzie
Girma, Tsinuel
Tsegaye, Rosa
Kiragga, Agnes
Adnew, Bethlehem
Howe, Rawleigh
Dheresa, Merga
Abdisa, Alemseged
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Article History
Received: 25 March 2026
Accepted: 8 June 2026
First Online: 30 June 2026
Declarations
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: The Hararghe Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Haramaya University. During the original data collection, written informed consent was obtained from all participants aged 18 years and above, as well as from the legal guardians of participants under 18 years. Verbal assent was additionally obtained from children under 18 years. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and other relevant guidelines. The Hararghe HDSS coordinator granted permission to access and use the HDSS data for research purposes. To maintain confidentiality, all data were de-identified before analysis, with personal identifiers such as names and child ID removed.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
