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Article History

Received: 14 February 2026

Accepted: 11 June 2026

First Online: 1 July 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Approval code: IR.TUMS.MEDICINE.REC.1401.557). The research involved a secondary analysis of pre-existing, anonymized, and aggregated national survey data obtained from the Statistical Center of Iran. The original surveys from which the data were derived were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and informed consent was obtained from all participants at the time of primary data collection.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.