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Authors
Ma, Liangze
Ma, Yukun
Huang, Zixun
Wang, Lincui
Ma, Kaixuan
Lin, Ze
Li, Jianhong
He, Lingbin
Ren, Chunhong
Zhang, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5113-1420
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Article History
Received: 2 February 2026
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 26 June 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for all waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). Ethical approval for the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) was obtained from the UK National Research Ethics Service (London Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee; MREC/01/2/91). All participants in both cohorts provided written informed consent. The present study is a secondary analysis of anonymised, publicly available CHARLS and ELSA data; therefore, no additional ethical approval was required. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
